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How to Get an EU Residence Permit in 2025: Full Guide

Published date:
August 18, 2025
Dean Fankhauser
Written by:
Dean Fankhauser
Reviewed by:
Radica Maneva
How to Get an EU Residence Permit in 2025: Full Guide
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We use the highest editorial standards at Movingto by ensuring every article is written by a qualified lawyer or immigration expert and fact-checked by a Portugal licensed lawyer. Learn more about our Editorial Process.

Europe has long been a dream destination for students, professionals, families, and retirees looking for stability and opportunity. Whether it’s access to world-class education, career growth in leading economies, or simply a lifestyle change, living in the EU offers countless benefits. But the process of securing the right to stay can feel overwhelming; every country has its own rules, and the terminology isn’t always clear.

That’s where understanding residence permits becomes essential. An EU residence permit is the document that allows non-EU citizens to live legally in a member state for more than 90 days.

Unlike a short-term Schengen visa, it gives you the right to study, work, or join family on a long-term basis. While the requirements vary between countries, the good news is that there are multiple pathways to fit different situations,  from work and study to investment or family reunification.

At a Glance

  • An EU residence permit allows non-EU citizens to live in an EU country for more than 90 days.
  • The main routes are work & skills, self-sufficiency (digital nomad or passive income), investment, education, and family reunification.
  • Most permits begin as temporary (1–2 years), but after five years of continuous legal residence, applicants may qualify for Long-Term EU Resident status.
  • EU/EEA and Swiss citizens do not need permits; they simply register their residence under free movement rules.
  • Residence rights vary across countries, with different rules on income thresholds, healthcare coverage, and stay obligations, so it is vital to check the official visa portal of your chosen country.
  • Holding an EU residence permit from one country does not usually allow you to live or work in another, mobility rights expand only once you achieve long-term EU resident status.

Understanding EU Residence Permits: Key Basics Before You Apply

couple european union flag
Couple embraced in the flag of the European Union.

Before choosing a pathway, it helps to clear up the concepts that confuse most applicants. Many people mix up short-stay visas, residence permits, and permanent status. This section keeps it simple so you know exactly what applies to your case.

Schengen Visa (Type C) vs Residence Permit (Type D)

A Schengen visa (Type C) allows you to stay in the Schengen Area for up to 90 days within any 180-day period. It is perfect for tourism, business meetings, or short visits. What it does not allow is living, working, or studying.

If you plan to stay longer than 90 days, you need a long-stay visa (Type D), which leads to a residence permit. Only a residence permit grants the right to live, work, or study legally in the host country.

France-Visas explains this distinction well.

Temporary vs. Permanent Residence

Most people begin with a temporary permit, typically valid for 1–2 years. This can be renewed if you continue to meet the requirements.

After around five years of continuous residence, you may qualify for permanent residence. Here you need to distinguish between two statuses:

  • You can live in that country indefinitely if you have national permanent residence status.
  • The EU long-term resident status, established by Directive 2003/109/EC, grants enhanced mobility rights across EU member states.

The second option is more flexible because it facilitates easier movement between EU countries, although it may involve additional integration or language requirements.

EU/EEA/Swiss Citizens and Free Movement

If you are from the EU, EEA, or Switzerland, you do not apply for residence permits. Instead, you rely on the right of free movement.

After staying in another EU country for more than three months, you are required to register your residence rather than apply for a permit.

This distinction is crucial. Many EU citizens mistakenly look up “residence permit” when all they need is a straightforward registration.

Country-by-Country Differences

European Citizenship by Investment Programs

Learn More

While the foundations are the same across Europe, each country has its own rules. Expect variations in:

  • Minimum income thresholds (for work, digital nomad, or passive income visas)
  • Health insurance obligations
  • Physical stay requirements vary by country; some demand strict presence while others are more flexible.
  • Processing times
  • There are language or integration conditions that must be met for long-term residence or citizenship.

While the European Commission's immigration portal serves as a valuable tool for comparing requirements, its details remain dispersed. That is why this guide consolidates them.

How to Use This Guide

The next section lays out all the possible residence pathways in one glance.

From there, you can dive into the country-specific comparisons to find which option works best for your needs.

Pathway Best For Key Requirement Initial Permit Validity Typical Processing Time Leads to Permanent Residency? Example Country / Program
Skilled Work (EU Blue Card) Highly-qualified professionals with a university degree and high-paying job offer Binding job offer + country-specific salary threshold 1–4 years, renewable 1–3 months Yes, after 5 years (21–27 months in Germany) Germany – EU Blue Card
National Work Permit Non-EU nationals with standard job offer (not Blue Card eligible) Employer-led authorization + valid work contract 1–2 years, renewable 2–4 months Yes, after 5 years of continuous residence Spain – Standard Work Permit
Digital Nomad Visa Remote workers/freelancers earning income outside the EU Proof of stable remote income (~€2,500–€3,500+/month) 1 year, renewable 1–3 months Yes, after 5 years in most countries Portugal – Digital Nomad Visa
Passive Income Visa Retirees or financially independent persons Proof of stable passive income (e.g., €870/month in Portugal) 1–2 years, renewable 2–4 months Yes, after 5 years of continuous residence Portugal – D7 Visa
Investment (Golden Visa) High-net-worth individuals seeking fast, flexible residency Significant financial investment (e.g., €250,000+ in real estate) 2–5 years, renewable 4–6 months Yes, often with minimal physical presence Greece – Golden Visa
Student Visa Non-EU nationals studying full-time at accredited institutions Letter of acceptance + proof of funds & insurance Duration of studies (1 yr+, renewable) 1–2 months Not direct, but can transition to work permit Spain – Student Residence Permit
Family Reunification Spouses, children, or dependent parents of legal residents Proof of family relationship + sponsor’s income/housing Aligned with sponsor’s permit duration 2–6 months Yes, follows sponsor’s path to permanent residency Spain – Family Reunification Visa

Whichever route seems closest to your circumstances, remember that the table is only a snapshot. Each country adds its own conditions, exemptions, and quirks.

The key is to first match yourself to the right pathway and only then dive into the country-specific details.

Ways to Obtain an EU Residence Permit in 2025

Your route to an EU residence permit depends on why you’re moving: work, self-sufficiency, investment, education, or family ties.

Each pathway has its own logic, requirements, and timelines, but the end goal is similar: temporary residence that can grow into permanent residence and, eventually, citizenship.

1. Work and Skills

Working in the EU remains one of the most straightforward ways to secure residence. Depending on your profile, there are three main routes:

  • EU Blue Card (high-skilled): Degree/experience plus a salary threshold; grants mobility within the EU and faster PR in some countries.
  • National work permits: Employer-led approvals with labour market tests; longer processing and stricter renewal rules.
  • ICT (intra-corporate transfers): For managers, specialists, or trainees moved within multinational companies; a niche but useful option.

2. Self-Sufficiency

For those without a job offer but with stable income, self-sufficiency visas provide a path to residence in several EU countries:

  • Digital Nomad Visas: Based on recurring remote income, sometimes with tax perks and varying policies for dependants.
  • Passive income / financial independence visas: proof of sufficient funds or regular income plus minimum stay requirements; popular with retirees and long-term investors.

3. Investment

Several EU and Schengen states offer residence through investment, usually in real estate, funds, or job creation:

  • Real estate routes: Buy property at set thresholds, often with low stay requirements.
  • Funds & business investment: Channel money into regulated funds or companies, sometimes with job creation obligations.
  • Donations & government bonds: Less common today, but still exist in certain programmes.

Top European Golden Visa Programs

Learn More

4. Education

Studying in the EU can provide a clear path to residence, usually tied to the length of the course:

  • Residence for study: Permits granted for the duration of enrolment, with proof of funds and insurance required.
  • Work options: Limited work rights during study, with post-study permits in many countries for job searches or transitions.
  • Next steps: Graduates may switch to work permits, opening a longer-term route to settlement.

5. Family Reunification

Non-EU residents can bring close relatives through family reunification, as long as they meet certain conditions:

  • Eligible relatives: Spouse/partner, minor children, and in some cases dependent parents.
  • Sponsor duties: The resident must prove sufficient income, stable housing, and health insurance to support dependents.
  • Different regimes: Rules differ for relatives of EU citizens compared to those of third-country nationals, with EU law generally offering broader rights.

6. Marriage to an EU Citizen

Marriage to an EU national opens a distinct pathway, often smoother than standard family reunification:

  1. Eligibility: Recognised legal marriage to an EU citizen, with proof of a genuine relationship.
  2. Residence rights usually grant the non-EU spouse the right to live and work in the EU country, along with easier mobility across the Union.

Requirements to get right of permanent or temporary EU residence permit

No matter which pathway you choose, most EU countries will expect the same core paperwork and conditions. These are the common building blocks:

Valid passport Your passport must be valid for the entire intended stay, often with at least six months’ buffer. Some countries require spare blank pages for visas and residence stickers.
Proof of purpose This is the core of your application. It could be a work contract, university acceptance letter, investment certificate, or evidence of remote income. Without it, authorities won’t have a legal basis to issue a residence permit.
Financial means You’ll need to show you can support yourself (and any dependants). This is usually done through bank statements, tax returns, or payslips. Some countries set a fixed monthly income threshold, others expect a “reasonable” buffer.
Accommodation proof Authorities want confirmation you have a place to live — whether it’s a rental contract, property deed, or an invitation/hosting declaration. Temporary hotel bookings rarely suffice beyond the visa stage.
Health insurance Comprehensive coverage is non-negotiable. Policies must meet EU minimum standards and often need to cover emergencies, hospitalisation, and repatriation. National health registration may follow once you’re resident.
Clean criminal record Most countries require a police clearance certificate from your home country (sometimes also from other countries you’ve lived in). Even minor issues can slow the process, so get these documents early.
Medical clearance Some states ask for a medical certificate proving you’re free from serious communicable diseases (e.g., TB). This is less common now, but still appears in certain routes.
Translations & legalisation Foreign documents usually need to be translated by a certified translator into the local language. On top of that, many require an apostille or consular legalisation to prove authenticity.
Language ability While not universal, many countries require proof of basic language knowledge, especially for longer-term permits or citizenship later on. At the residence stage, you may only need to show willingness to integrate — but check if an A1–A2 certificate is needed.
Proof of living ties Some countries want reassurance you’ll genuinely settle, not just hold a “paper residency”. This can include evidence of local utility bills, a lease registered with the municipality, or enrolment in community services.

Most applicants underestimate how long it takes to collect, translate, and legalise these documents.

Even if your chosen pathway looks simple, the paperwork stage is where delays usually happen.

Countries Where Buying Property Can Get You EU Residency

Golden Visa-style schemes used to be common, but many countries have tightened or ended their real estate options. Here's the up-to-date breakdown:

Flag of Greece

Greece: Tiered Real Estate Investment Thresholds

Greece still offers residency in exchange for property, but with tiered thresholds depending on the area:

  • €800,000 in popular zones like Attica (Athens), Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini.
  • €400,000 in other regions.
  • €250,000 if you're buying or renovating a commercial property to residential (minimum 120 sq m).
    Once granted, the five-year renewable permit counts toward permanent residence and includes family dependants.
Flag of Cyprus

Cyprus: Permanent Residency via Real Estate (Regulation 6(2))

Cyprus grants residency to investors buying new residential property (or other qualifying real estate) for at least €300,000 plus VAT.

You’ll also need to show stable foreign income (typically around €50,000 annually). It leads directly to permanent residency, and family can be included.

Flag of Malta

Malta: Property as Part of the Permanent Residence Programme (MPRP)

Malta’s MPRP requires property (purchase or lease), but only as one component in a larger financial obligation:

  • Purchase threshold: €375,000 (or €300,000 in Gozo/South Malta).
  • Or leasing from €14,000 per year.
    Plus contribution fees (€37,000), donation (€2,000), and administration fees (~€60,000).
    This grants permanent residence and Schengen access and includes family members.
Flag of Latvia

Latvia: Traditional Property Route

Latvia continues to issue temporary residence permits to property buyers meeting thresholds—generally around €250,000 plus a 5% state fee.

These permits remain renewable, but note the path to permanent residence follows the standard residency clock.

Closed Real Estate Routes

Some former Golden Visa programmes have been replaced or removed:

  • Hungary: As of December 2024, direct property routes were abolished. Only investments in approved real estate funds or large public contributions remain.
  • Portugal: The property option under its Golden Visa no longer exists following 2023 reforms.
  • Spain: Golden Visa by property was officially ended in 2025.

These changes reflect a shift across Europe as countries respond to housing market concerns and abuse of residency schemes.

EU Residency Options for Investors Beyond Real Estate

Not every investor route in Europe is tied to bricks and mortar. Several countries offer residence permits for capital that supports businesses, funds, research or culture, or for job creation.

Below are the main non-property options that are currently active, plus a quick note on programmes that have closed.

Flag of Portugal

Portugal: ARI after the 2023 reform (no property)

Good for: investors who prefer regulated funds, innovation, or building a business rather than buying property.

Portugal’s “residence by investment” survived the 2023 housing reform, but strictly without real estate.

Eligible routes now include investment in approved venture or private equity funds that capitalise Portuguese companies, funding scientific research, support for artistic production or cultural heritage, incorporation or capitalisation of a company that creates or maintains jobs, and direct job creation.

The government’s immigration authority (AIMA) confirms these options; the 2023 law explicitly ended new real-estate-based filings.

Flag of Greece

Greece: financial assets, funds and bank deposits

Good for: portfolio investors who want a non-property route with clearly defined instruments.

Greece offers an “investment in financial assets” residence track alongside its property route. Qualifying options include, for example, government bonds, time deposits with Greek banks, capital contributions to listed Greek companies, and units in Greek or EU funds that invest exclusively in Greece.

Minimums vary by instrument and currently range roughly from €350k to €800k, with five-year permits that renew as long as the investment is maintained. See the Ministry’s Golden Visa page and a legal summary of the permitted investments under Law 5038 for the precise categories and thresholds.

Flag of Italy

Italy: Investor Visa (government bonds, companies, start-ups, donation)

Good for: direct participation in the Italian economy, with options from conservative bonds to high-growth start-ups.

Italy grants a two-year Investor Visa (renewable) for investors who commit either €2m in Italian government bonds, €500k in shares of an Italian company, €250k in an innovative start-up, or a €1m philanthropic donation in areas of public interest.

The official Investor Visa portal and the Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy set out the thresholds and process.

Flag of Luxembourg

Luxembourg: invest in a company and create jobs

Good for: entrepreneurs and corporate investors looking for an EU base with strong finance and tech ecosystems.

Luxembourg issues a residence permit to third-country investors who either invest at least €500k in an existing Luxembourg company and keep or create five jobs, invest €500k in a new business plan that creates at least five jobs within three years, or invest €3m in a management and investment structure that has a physical presence in Luxembourg. The government’s guichet explains the options in detail.

Flag of Hungary

Hungary: Guest Investor Permit (fund units or donation)

Good for: investors who prefer a fund route or a philanthropic donation tied to a residence right.

Hungary’s Guest Investor Program grants a residence permit to those who either purchase at least €250k of approved real estate fund units or make a €1m donation to a designated public-interest foundation.

The National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing provides the official factsheets and process. Note that earlier proposals for a direct €500k property purchase were dropped.

Programmes that have closed or changed

  • Netherlands: the admission scheme for foreign investors has been discontinued by IND.
  • Ireland: the Immigrant Investor Programme (IIP) closed to new applications in February 2023.

EU Residency For Remote Workers and Nomads

Digital-nomad-style routes let you live in an EU or EEA country while earning from employers or clients outside that country. Most programs require proof of remote income, health insurance, suitable accommodation, and a clean record.

Rights are national, not EU-wide: a permit from Country A rarely lets you live or work in Country B until you later qualify for EU long-term resident status. Always check tax and physical-stay rules before you move.

Where it exists and how it works

  • Spain – “Telework” visa under the Start-up Law. Clear 2025 income thresholds tied to the minimum wage, with higher amounts if you bring family. Long-stay path that can convert to a residence card after arrival.
  • PortugalD8 “remote work” route via a national long-stay visa that leads to a residence permit after arrival. Process and grounds are listed on the Portuguese visa portal; income must come from outside Portugal.
  • Malta – Nomad Residence Permit is a residence scheme rather than a visa. Requires remote work for a non-Maltese employer or freelancing for foreign clients and a minimum gross salary threshold, with in-country residence card issuance.
  • Greece – The Digital Nomad national visa exists in law and practice. Official guidance highlights a monthly income test and an initial visa of up to 12 months, with a residence permit route on arrival.
  • Hungary – The White Card is built specifically for digital nomads. You must show recent remote income paid from abroad and meet the stated monthly minimum; family rules and renewals are set out in the government factsheet.
  • Croatia – The "temporary stay for digital nomads" lets you live for up to 12 months; it is not extendable, and you must wait 6 months outside Croatia before reapplying.
  • Estonia – Digital Nomad Visa, short-stay (C) or long-stay (D) up to 12 months. You must earn at or above the official income threshold and work mostly for non-Estonian employers or clients.
  • Czechia – The Government Digital Nomad Programme is aimed at highly qualified IT and marketing professionals from selected countries, using a long-term visa or employee-card pathway.
  • Cyprus – The Digital Nomad Scheme reopened in 2025 with a capped quota. Requires remote income from outside Cyprus and a minimum monthly net income to qualify.

What this means for your plan

  • Most “nomad” routes are temporary. Long-term residence usually needs years of continuous stay and, in many states, a later switch to a standard work, family, study or self-sufficiency permit.
  • Your tax position depends on time spent and centre-of-life tests. Some countries offer incentives; others tax after 183 days.
  • If you want a faster route to permanence, compare these visas with the Blue Card, standard work permits, passive-income routes, or investment options in the country you actually want to settle in.

EU Residency Options for Business Founders and Entrepreneurs

Are you considering building a company in Europe instead of accepting a job offer? Several member states issue residence permits when you found or run a business that has real economic value.

Below are the clearest, founder-friendly routes, with plain-English notes on who they suit, the baseline rules, and how they typically lead to permanent residence.

Flag of France

France: Talent Passport (Business creator or investor)

Who it suits: Founders bringing a “real and serious” plan to form a viable French company, or investors making a qualifying direct investment.
Baseline rules: Pre-assessment of your business plan, proof of funding, and registration steps. The multi-year residence card is valid for up to 4 years once you are in France. Family members may be eligible for the "Talent – Family" program.
PR outlook: Multi-year status is renewable; long-term residence or naturalisation follows standard timelines if integration and stay conditions are met.

Flag of Germany

Germany: Self-employment residence (§21 AufenthG)

Who it suits: Founders and freelancers whose activity serves an economic interest in Germany and is properly financed.
Baseline rules: Show economic benefit, positive market impact and secured financing; freelancers apply under §21(5). Decisions weigh your plan, your experience, and local demand.
PR outlook: Once your business reaches stability and meets other requirements, you can advance to a settlement permit, followed by a long-term status.

Flag of Netherlands

Netherlands: Start-up visa, then Self-employed permit

Who it suits: Early-stage founders who can work with a recognised Dutch “facilitator” and scale-ups ready for the points-tested self-employed route.
Baseline rules: Start-up permit is 1 year with mandatory mentoring, then switch to the self-employed residence if your business adds “essential interest” to the economy.
PR outlook: After moving to the self-employed title and meeting residence requirements, you can work toward permanent residence. General income sufficiency rules apply.

Flag of Spain

Spain: Entrepreneur residence (Ley 14/2013)

Who it suits: Founders with an innovative, high-impact project assessed by Spain’s UGE-CE unit.
Baseline rules: Apply for an entrepreneur visa or in-country permit; the project is evaluated based on innovation, market potential, and investment. Processing is centralised and relatively quick compared with traditional work permits.
PR outlook: Residence is renewable while the project runs. Long-term residence and, later, citizenship follow standard national timelines.

Flag of Portugal

Portugal: D2 Entrepreneur / Independent Professional

Who it suits: Small-to-mid-sized founders, independent professionals and company owners establishing genuine activity in Portugal.
Baseline rules: Prove business viability and means, register activity, and secure accommodation and insurance; consulates process D-visa applications before AIMA issues a residence card.
PR outlook: D2 is renewable; continuous residence typically builds toward permanent residence and, later, nationality under standard rules.

Flag of Estonia

Estonia: Founder-friendly: Start-up visa and TRP for entrepreneurship

Who it suits: This visa is suitable for tech and innovative founders who have been approved by Startup Estonia, as well as for entrepreneurs who are establishing a company that demonstrates real business activity.
Baseline rules: Start-up founders can obtain a visa or temporary residence after an eligibility assessment; a separate TRP exists for broader entrepreneurship with documentation of business activity and funds.

The outlook for permanent residence (PR) indicates that it can be extended as long as the company is operational; after that, standard long-term residence rules will apply.

Flag of Ireland

Ireland: Start-up Entrepreneur Programme (STEP)

Who it suits: Non-EEA founders of high-potential, innovative start-ups with funding and export potential.
Baseline rules:
Minimum funding from €50,000; innovation and job-creation potential assessed by an expert committee; initial permission typically two years, renewable.
PR outlook:
Renewals can lead to long-term residence under standard Irish rules; there is no special fast-track to citizenship.

Flag of Malta

Malta: Start-up Residence Programme

Who it suits: Founders and core team members establishing innovative ventures with a tangible presence in Malta.
Baseline rules: Three-year residence, extendable to five more, with founder and core-team eligibility, share-capital thresholds and presence requirements published by the government.
PR outlook: Long-term status is possible via standard residence continuity; the program guidance details dependents and extensions.

Flag of Hungary

Hungary: Guest self-employment residence

Who it suits: Owners or independent professionals carrying out remunerated activity on their own account in Hungary.
Baseline rules: New “guest self-employment” residence category allows non-EU founders to operate a business with prescribed documentation and presence; separate permits cover pure employment and guest workers.
PR outlook: Residence is renewable while the business remains active; longer-term cards follow national rules introduced under the new immigration framework.

EU Residency for Financially Independent or Retired Applicants

If you live off passive income, like pensions, investments, or remote work, you may not need a job offer or significant investment to call Europe home.

Several EU countries welcome financially independent applicants.

Quick Comparison Summary

Country Monthly Income Required Work Allowed Stay Requirement Path to PR/Citizenship
Portugal (D7) From €870 Yes, limited ~16 months in 2 years Yes (5-year track)
Spain (NLV) ~€2,150 + dependants No Resident needed for renewal Yes (5 years + renewal)
Greece (FIP) ~€2,000 Yes, remote only None specified Possible via renewals
Italy ~€31,000 annually No Country requirements vary Yes (standard timelines)
Austria ~€2,436 + savings + German A1 No Typically 183 days/year Yes, after quota period
France ~€1,800 No Initial registration Yes (standard track)

Here’s a current breakdown of the most accessible, long‑stay routes for retirees and people living off passive income:

  • Portugal D7 (Passive Income) Visa: One of the most popular routes, the D7 visa requires a reasonably modest income, around €870 per month (based on national minimum wage), as proof of self-sufficiency. Once granted, the permit is initially valid for two years, renewable for three more, and can lead to permanent residence and citizenship.
  • Spain Non-Lucrative Visa: Spain’s Non-Lucrative route is a good match for retirees with stable passive income: about €2,150 per month for the main applicant plus extra for dependants. Work is not permitted, but it provides residency and can pave the way to permanent status after five years.
  • Greece Financially Independent Person (FIP) Visa: Known locally as the FIP, this visa is tailored for applicants who can show a minimum passive income of around €2,000 per month. Greece does not generally require physical presence each year, and remote work for non-Greek clients is allowed. It’s a flexible path to mid-term residency.
  • Italy Elective Residence Visa: Retirees with substantial pensions or investment income find it ideal. The threshold is high, around €31,000 annually.
  • Permit holders cannot work locally, but long-term residence and eventual citizenship are possible through standard pathways.
  • Austria Independent Means Permit: Austria requires a monthly income of approximately €2,436, plus additional minimum savings and A1-level German language.
  • Subject to a limited annual quota, this route is well-suited for financially independent individuals seeking continuity.
  • France VLS-TS “Visitor” Visa: France offers this long-stay visa for those who can prove passive or foreign-source income, typically €1,800 per month, along with a deposit or proof of funds. You must register once in France after arrival.

Why People Choose an EU Residence Permit

People consider EU residence for a variety of reasons, including practical considerations, personal preferences, and a combination of both.

The table below sketches the most common starting points and how an EU permit helps translate into real routes.

Use it to spot yourself quickly, then follow the thread that fits your plans for the next few years.

Reason What it gives you Who benefits most Typical pathways
Career growth Access to large labour markets, better salaries, regulated work conditions Skilled professionals, mid-career switchers EU Blue Card, National Work Permit, ICT
Education Study at recognised institutions, part-time work in many countries, post-study options Students, early-career professionals Student Visa, post-study work permits, then work routes
Healthcare and protections Access to public systems once registered, stronger worker and tenant rights Families, long-term planners Any long-stay route that registers you locally
Quality of life Walkable cities, public transport, safety, culture and nature within easy reach Families, remote workers, retirees Digital Nomad, Passive Income, Work routes
Travel freedom Short-stay movement across Schengen once resident, simple business and leisure trips Consultants, frequent travellers Any residence route in a Schengen state
Stability and rule of law Predictable institutions, consumer protection, clearer long-term planning Families, investors, entrepreneurs Any route that leads to permanent residence
Family life Reunite with partner, children or dependent parents, clearer rights once in system Sponsors with dependants Family Reunification, Marriage to an EU citizen
Entrepreneurship and investment Company formation, access to EU customers, potential incentives Founders, investors Investment routes, Entrepreneur visas, later work permits
Remote work lifestyle Live in the EU while earning from abroad, keep client base, stable base for travel Digital professionals, contractors Digital Nomad visas
Retirement or passive income Live from pensions or investments, slower pace, lower daily stress Retirees, financially independent Passive Income visas

Motivation is only half the story; eligibility is the other half. Use the reasons above to narrow your aim, then match that aim to a pathway that fits your income, documents and timeline.

If two routes look similar, choose the one that gets you registered locally fastest, since that is what starts the clock towards permanent residence.

How to Apply for an EU Residence Permit

Applying for an EU residence permit can seem daunting, but the journey is fairly similar across most member states.

Once you know your purpose and gather the right documents, the process follows a predictable path. Here’s how it usually works:

Decide on your purpose and country Clarify why you’re moving (work, study, family, investment, or self-sufficiency) and research which country’s rules you meet best.
Choose the correct visa type Most start with a national long-stay visa (Type D). Confirm which specific visa fits your case to avoid costly delays.
Prepare your paperwork early Gather your passport, proof of purpose, funds, housing, insurance, police clearances, and required translations or apostilles.
Submit your application at the consulate Apply in person at the embassy/consulate, bring all documents, provide biometrics, and attend an interview if required.
Pay fees and wait for processing Processing can take weeks or months. Use this time to plan housing, schools, and relocation logistics.
Receive your visa and travel Once approved, your Type D visa gives you a time window (often 3–6 months) to enter the country legally.
Register locally after arrival Convert your visa to a residence card, register your address, and sign up for tax and social systems as required.

Every step has its own nuances depending on the country, but the sequence is remarkably similar everywhere.

A simple way to avoid stress: start early, double-check document requirements, and allow buffer time for translations or appointments.

Country & Program Comparisons

Already know which route fits you? The next step is comparing the most popular EU residence programs side by side. This helps you see differences in minimum income or investment, processing times, renewal rules, and how quickly each leads to permanent residence or citizenship.

Country & Program Minimum Investment / Monthly Income Average Processing Time Permit Validity / Renewal Unique Advantage Physical Stay Requirement Path to Citizenship
Portugal – Digital Nomad Visa ~€3,480 / month 2–4 months 1 year, renewable Low cost of living, clear 5-year path 6–8 months per year (varies) 5 years
Spain – Digital Nomad Visa ~€2,646 / month 1–3 months 1 year, renewable up to 5 Access to major cities, tax perks for nomads Min. 6 months per year 10 years
Portugal – D7 Visa (Passive Income) ~€870 / month 2–4 months 2 years, renewable (then 3) Very low entry requirement, family-friendly 6 consecutive or 8 non-consecutive months 5 years
Germany – EU Blue Card ~€4,025 / month (€48,300 / year) 1–3 months 1–4 years, renewable Fast track to permanent residence (21–27 mos) Must keep residence in Germany 6–8 years (5 with PR)
Greece – Golden Visa ~€250,000 investment (real estate) 4–6+ months 5 years, renewable Lowest investment threshold in EU None required to maintain residency 7 years
Malta – Permanent Residence ~€150,000+ (contribution + rent) 6+ months Permanent (lifetime) Immediate PR, Schengen mobility None required 5 years+ (naturalization)

Programs look similar at first glance, but the fine print matters. Stay requirements, family inclusion rules, and how each year counts toward permanent residency can vary. Always verify the latest thresholds and legal terms on the official government portals before applying.

Costs & Budgeting: What You’ll Really Spend

Applying for residence involves more than just the government’s visa fee. Here’s what to factor into your budget so there are no nasty surprises later:

Government and official fees

  • Visa or residence permit application fees: typically €50–€400 depending on country and route.
  • Residence card issuance fees and renewals.
  • Consular appointment or courier charges in some locations.

Hidden or “soft” costs people forget

  • Translations and apostille/legalisation: Certified translations into the local language and official stamps. Doing them in bulk can save money.
  • Health insurance: Full coverage plans often cost €50–€250 per month depending on your age and family size.
  • Banking costs: Opening a local account or meeting minimum deposit thresholds; some banks charge account maintenance or international transfer fees.
  • Legal or adviser fees (optional): If you use a lawyer or agency, expect €1,000+ depending on the complexity of your case.
  • Travel: Trips to the consulate and later to your new country; factor in flights and accommodation.
  • Courier services: Many consulates require document return via secure courier.

Savings tips that help

  • Group translations together and use sworn translators in the destination country; it's often cheaper.
  • Get multiple apostilles/legalisations done at once to reduce per-document costs.
  • Shop around for insurance; EU-compliant travel health plans can be far cheaper than private full coverage for the first few months.
  • Book consular appointments and flights early to avoid paying premium last-minute fares.

Plan for 10–20% extra over your estimated budget. Currency swings, unexpected document requests and extra trips happen.

If you manage to stay within your budget, it's a positive outcome; if not, it won't surprise you.

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How to Choose the Right Path

Not sure which route fits you best? Use these prompts to narrow it down quickly.

Match your situation to the pathway that fits your income, documents and long-term plans:

  • Have a high-skill job offer in an EU country?
    → Explore the EU Blue Card or a national work permit. Both require a binding contract; the Blue Card offers faster permanent residence in some states.
  • Already employed or self-employed abroad with stable remote income?
    → Look at digital nomad visas (Portugal, Spain, Hungary) or passive income routes. They suit freelancers and remote workers earning from outside the EU.
  • Earning enough from pensions or investments, but no job offer?
    → Check residency for financially independent people like Portugal’s D7 or Spain’s Non-Lucrative Visa. Great for retirees and those with passive income.
  • Want to make an investment instead of working?
    → Compare investor residence programmes: property, approved funds, or job-creation schemes in countries like Greece, Italy, and Luxembourg.
  • Thinking of starting a company in the EU?
    → Review business founder routes such as France’s Talent Passport or the Netherlands’ Start-up Visa.
  • Got an offer to study at an EU university?
    → Apply for a student residence permit; many countries allow part-time work and post-study permits.
  • Joining family or marrying an EU citizen?
    → Look at family reunification or marriage routes; they typically have softer income rules if the sponsor can show stable housing and insurance.

If two options seem to fit, pick the one that gets you registered locally fastest, that’s what starts the clock towards long-term EU residence and, eventually, citizenship.

Timeline to Long-Term Residence & Citizenship

One of the most common questions is, “How long before I can stay permanently or become a citizen?”

While exact rules vary by country, most EU pathways follow a broadly similar arc.

The Typical 5-Year Arc

Year 0
Type D visa & first card

Enter on a long-stay visa, register locally, give biometrics and receive your initial residence card.

Years 1–2
Renewals

Keep your purpose valid, track stay days, maintain insurance and income. Renew on time.

Years 3–4
Stable residence

Build continuous residence. Some routes need language or integration steps at this stage.

Year 5+
Long-term status & citizenship

Apply for EU long-term resident or national PR. Citizenship windows vary by country, usually 5–10 years total.

What Counts Towards the Clock

Not all time counts equally. For example:

  • Short stays on a Schengen visa do not count.
  • Student residence often counts at 50% in some countries; determine if you’ll need extra years.
  • Interruptions (long trips abroad) can break your continuity if you exceed the maximum absence days.

What to Expect Later

  • Integration steps: Language tests (A2–B1 level typically) and civic knowledge requirements are common before citizenship.
  • Stay obligations: Even after PR, many states require a minimum presence to keep the status active.
  • Family: Dependants usually track your timeline; if you qualify for PR or citizenship, they may follow similar or slightly offset timelines.

Making Your EU Move Simple with Movingto

Securing the right to live in Europe is a big step, but it doesn’t have to feel overwhelming. By now, you know the key pathways, the common requirements, and what the long-term journey looks like. The challenge is tailoring all that information to your situation: your income, your family, your timeline, and your future plans.

That’s where Movingto comes in. We’ve built our platform around transparent, legally accurate guidance, no guesswork, and no one-size-fits-all templates. Whether you need help comparing routes, understanding stay obligations, or working with licensed lawyers and trusted partners, we provide step-by-step support so you can make informed decisions with confidence.

From D7 and digital nomad visas to Golden Visa investments and family reunification, our resources and vetted experts help you turn plans into approvals.

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From work and study routes to investment and family reunification, our vetted partners can guide you through every step — tailored to your profile and goals.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What happens if my residence permit application gets a negative decision?

Most EU nations offer an appeal process if your application is refused. You usually receive written reasons for rejection and a time limit to submit new evidence or challenge the decision in court. Getting legal advice quickly improves your chances of success.

Do residence permit holders get visa-free travel across the EU?

A valid residence permit from a Schengen state typically allows visa free travel for up to 90 days in other Schengen countries. It does not grant the right to live or work in another country unless you later obtain EU long-term resident status.

Can my local employment or rental income count toward financial requirements?

Yes, many EU countries accept income from an employment contract or rental income as part of the “sufficient financial resources” test. You must document the source clearly (e.g., payslips, lease agreements) and meet the minimum threshold set by that country.

Does refugee status lead to a residence permit and later citizenship?

Recognised refugees and people with subsidiary protection usually receive a temporary residency card with social security access. After a continuous period of legal stay (often 5 years), they can apply for permanent residence; some EU countries allow earlier citizenship.

Which is the easiest EU country to obtain residency in?

It depends on your profile. For investors, some golden visa programs like Greece remain popular. For retirees, Portugal’s D7 has a low income threshold. For students, university enrollment routes are often straightforward. There is no universal “easiest” country.

Can a valid residence permit be revoked for national security reasons?

Yes. Even a valid residence permit can be withdrawn if the holder poses a threat to national security or has serious criminal history. Each country has its own due process, and you usually have a right to appeal or present evidence.

What if my residence permit card expires while I’m abroad?

Many European countries allow renewals abroad, but rules differ. If you overstay your card’s validity, you risk breaking the residency requirement. Always check renewal windows and maintain a travel document and insurance coverage when outside your host country.

How we reviewed this article

All Movingto articles go through a rigorous review process before publication. Learn more about the Movingto Editorial Process.

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