For almost a decade, the combination of Grenada citizenship and the U.S. E-2 Treaty Investor Visa functioned as one of the most elegant pieces of global mobility engineering.
Investors from non-treaty countries, especially China, India, Vietnam, South Africa, and parts of the Middle East, used Grenada’s uniquely positioned citizenship by investment program to unlock a U.S. visa category otherwise off-limits to them. It was quick, efficient, and, at least on paper, straightforward.
That era is over.
The U.S. AMIGOS Act, passed in late 2022, fundamentally reshaped the pathway.
What used to be a transactional route now demands something far more substantial: real domicile, real presence, and a multi-year commitment to Grenada before the investor can even approach an E-2 consulate window.
At the same time, Grenada’s own CBI program has undergone sweeping reform with higher minimums, stricter due diligence, mandatory interviews, and a coordinated Caribbean-wide regulatory upgrade.
The result is a strategy that only works for investors who know what it is now, not what it was.
This guide is built for that investor. It breaks down the legal mechanics, financial realities, business requirements, and risks that shape the post-AMIGOS Grenada to E-2 landscape.
It outlines what the strategy truly offers, what it does not, and why it remains a powerful but no longer fast or inexpensive pathway for entrepreneurs who want control over their business and the flexibility to live in the United States on their own terms.
A realistic guide means clarity. So let us start with the essentials.
Understanding the U.S. E-2 Treaty Investor Visa
The E-2 Treaty Investor Visa allows nationals of treaty countries to live in the United States while running an active business. It is not a passive investment route, nor is it a path to a green card. It functions more like a renewable business residency: the visa remains valid only as long as the enterprise is real, operational, and economically meaningful.
There is no fixed investment minimum. Instead, the applicant must invest enough to make the business viable and competitive. In most cases, this results in a practical range of 150,000 to 250,000 dollars. The investor must also show that the company will employ United States workers and will not exist solely to support the investor’s household.
The category offers flexible intent rules. Applicants do not need a home abroad or a temporary stay plan. They must simply agree to leave the country if their E-2 status ends. This allows long-term residence without conflicting with the visa’s nonimmigrant framework.
Control of the business is mandatory. The investor must own at least half of the enterprise or hold equivalent decision-making authority.
The spouse receives automatic work authorization, while children may remain on E-2 status only until age 21.
For treaty country nationals, eligibility is straightforward. For citizens of non-treaty countries, such as China or India, the only path to E-2 eligibility is acquiring citizenship from a treaty nation.
This is where Grenada became significant, as its citizenship program provided a workable bridge to the category.
The E-2 remains attractive for investors who want speed, control, and entrepreneurial flexibility, but it carries real risks. If the business fails, the visa ends, and there is no automatic transition to a Green Card.
It is a powerful strategy only when used with realistic expectations.
Why Grenada Holds a Unique Treaty Position
Grenada occupies a rare place in the global investment migration landscape.
Among all Caribbean citizenship by investment programs, it is the only one whose citizenship provides access to the United States E-2 Treaty Investor Visa.
This stems from a bilateral investment treaty signed between Grenada and the United States in the late 1980s, long before modern CBI programs existed. As a result, Grenada developed a structural advantage that no other Caribbean jurisdiction could match.
While countries like St. Kitts, Dominica, Antigua, and St. Lucia offer well-known CBI options, none hold the treaty required for E-2 eligibility.
For many investors from non-treaty countries such as China and India, this distinction made Grenada the single viable route to the visa category. Demand grew accordingly. The program offered relatively rapid processing, strong global mobility, and a direct link to an otherwise inaccessible U.S. pathway.
The fact that Grenada has been politically stable for a long time and has a good relationship with the United States made it more appealing. Its CBI framework has generally maintained higher due diligence standards than regional competitors, which helped preserve its treaty benefits and reduce geopolitical scrutiny.
This combination of treaty access, program reputation, and straightforward eligibility created what many investors viewed as an efficient two-step strategy.
First, obtain Grenadian citizenship. Second, apply for the E-2 visa. For years, this worked as expected.
Everything changed after the AMIGOS Act. The new three-year domicile requirement altered the value proposition and shifted the profile of investors who could realistically pursue the route.
Grenada still provides the treaty advantage, but the process now requires significantly more engagement than before.
Understanding this evolution is essential for anyone considering the Grenada to E-2 strategy today.
The AMIGOS Act and the End of the Fast Track
For many years, investors who obtained Grenadian citizenship through the CBI program could apply for the U.S. E-2 visa shortly after receiving their passport.
Physical residence in Grenada was not required. The strategy became known for its speed. That speed is no longer possible.
In December 2022, the United States passed the AMIGOS Act. Within this law, there was a specific provision targeting citizenship through investment programs. It states that an applicant who gained citizenship through financial investment must show at least three years of domicile in the treaty country before applying for an E-2 visa.
This rule applies to new cases and future first-time applicants. It was designed to ensure that individuals seeking E-2 status have genuine ties to the treaty nation, not only a purchased passport.
Domicile is more than a residency certificate or occasional visits. It means the country is the applicant’s primary home for a sustained period. In practice, the phrase usually includes long-term physical presence, a residence, local financial activity, and day-to-day life that supports the claim of a meaningful connection to Grenada.
The law creates two distinct groups. The law generally protects investors who held an E-2 visa prior to the AMIGOS Act.
They do not need to meet the three-year requirement for renewals. Investors who obtain Grenadian citizenship now fall into the second group. They must complete the three-year period before applying for an E-2 visa at a consulate.
The result is a complete shift in the strategy. The route still works, but the timelines and commitments are different. What was once a fast administrative pathway is now a multi-stage plan that requires time, planning, and willingness to establish a real presence in Grenada.
This change does not eliminate the value of Grenada for E-2 purposes, but it does redefine who can use the strategy successfully. Investors who expect speed or minimal engagement will struggle.
Investors who plan ahead and understand the new expectations can still access the category with a realistic roadmap.
Grenada Citizenship by Investment Today
Grenada’s citizenship by investment program has moved into a more mature and regulated phase.
Minimums are higher, due diligence is stricter, and applicants must budget not only for the headline contribution or real estate share but also for fees, documentation, and professional support.
Most investors now choose between two primary routes: a nonrefundable contribution to the National Transformation Fund or an approved real estate project share. In both cases, the government expects a transparent source of funds, clean records, and a complete family profile.
The visual checklist below summarizes the core building blocks of a typical CBI file before we break each one down in detail.
Grenada Citizenship by Investment Explained
Choose your CBI route
The first decision is structural. A nonrefundable NTF contribution preserves liquidity for the eventual E-2 business but offers no capital recovery.
Real estate locks up capital for a minimum holding period and may work for investors who want a tangible asset and are comfortable with project risk.
Identity and civil status documents
Grenada needs a complete picture of who is applying. That means passports, long-form birth certificates, marriage and divorce records where relevant, and clear mapping of dependents.
Incomplete or inconsistent records are a common cause of delay.
Police certificates and background checks
Enhanced due diligence is now central to the program.
Applicants provide police certificates from every country where they have lived for a meaningful period, usually starting from adulthood. In higher risk profiles, additional checks or clarification may be requested.
Source of funds and source of wealth
This is the part many applicants underestimate. It is not enough to show that the money is in a bank account.
The agency expects a coherent story that explains how the funds were earned, taxed, saved, and moved. Employment contracts, business financials, tax returns, and bank statements often work together here.
Investment contracts and approvals
Once the investor chooses the route, the structure must be documented. For donations, that means official forms and payment confirmations.
For real estate, this includes reservation agreements, purchase contracts, developer documentation, and proof that the project is on the government’s approved list.
Residence and contact details
Authorities need to know where the applicant lives and how to contact them.
This usually includes recent utility bills or bank statements with an address, plus phone and email details. For families planning to relocate to Grenada later for domicile, this is also the reference point for future planning.
Government and professional fees
In addition to the headline figure, applicants pay government processing and due diligence fees for each adult, plus interview and biometric-related charges.
Legal or agent fees sit on top. In practice, this often adds tens of thousands of dollars to the overall budget and should be modelled early.
Post approval and E-2 planning
Approval is not the end of the journey for E-2 focused investors. It is the start of a longer timeline.
Once citizenship is granted and passports are issued, families need a clear plan for when and how the three-year domicile period will work in practice and how capital for the eventual U.S. business will be preserved.
Meeting the Three-Year Domicile Requirement
The three-year domicile rule is now the central element of the Grenada to E-2 strategy.
It is the point where most investors realize the pathway is no longer transactional. The United States expects applicants to show that Grenada is their primary home for a sustained period, not a formality supported by paperwork alone.
Domicile is a combination of physical presence, daily life, financial activity, and long-term residence.
It is the pattern created over three years, not a single document, that matters. The table below summarizes the core building blocks required to demonstrate genuine domicile before an E-2 application.
Breaking Down the Costs
Core Grenada CBI investment
This is the largest single figure at the citizenship stage. The donation option is a pure sunk cost.
The real estate option ties capital to an asset that may be resold in the future but still requires a large outlay and a minimum holding period.
Government and due diligence fees
On top of the headline investment, every adult applicant pays due diligence and processing fees.
These are not optional and they scale with family size. For a couple or a family of four, this can add tens of thousands of dollars.
Professional and advisory costs
Grenada requires applicants to work through licensed agents. Many families also use tax and structuring advisers, especially when they hold complex assets or multiple businesses.
These fees are often smaller than the core investment but still material.
Three year domicile living costs
This is where the new regime changes the financial picture. Rent, utilities, food, transport, education, health cover, and normal life for three years in Grenada form a major cost category.
For many families, this is comparable to or larger than the professional and government fee layer.
E-2 business capital
This is separate from the CBI spend. The United States business must be funded properly and the money must be at risk. Investors need to know, before they begin, that enough liquidity will remain after citizenship and domicile to fund the E-2 enterprise.
U.S. legal, formation, and compliance
An E-2 case usually involves a U.S. immigration lawyer, a specialist business plan, and company formation.
Depending on the structure, there can be state-level filings, licenses, and early accounting or payroll costs as well.
Travel and relocation budget
The path involves at least two relocations in many cases. First, enter Grenada for domicile. Second, enter the United States when the E-2 is granted.
Travel, shipping, temporary housing, and setup create a practical but very real cost layer.
Contingency and opportunity cost
Finally, the strategy ties up capital. Some of it is not recoverable. Some are committed for years.
A realistic plan includes a buffer for delays, extra professional advice if needed, and the simple fact that money placed into this pathway cannot be deployed elsewhere at the same time.
How the Grenada E-2 Strategy Compares With EB-5, L-1, and Other U.S. Pathways
The Grenada to E-2 route sits in a unique position among U.S. immigration options. It is faster than the EB-5 program, more flexible than the L-1, and more accessible than routes tied to family sponsorship.
At the same time, it comes with limits that other pathways do not share. A realistic comparison helps investors understand whether the strategy aligns with their long-term plans or whether another category provides a more suitable structure.
The EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program remains the only direct investment route that leads to a Green Card.
It requires a larger capital commitment, strict tracing of the source of funds, and a multi-year waiting period for many nationalities. The benefit is permanence. Once approved, EB-5 provides a clear path to residency and, in time, citizenship. The E 2 does not. For investors who want guaranteed permanence or minimal operational involvement, EB-5 may be a better fit despite the higher cost.
The L-1 Intracompany Transfer Visa works for entrepreneurs and executives who already own or manage an established business abroad. It allows the creation of a related U.S. entity and the relocation of key personnel.
Unlike the E-2, it has a defined route to a Green Card through the EB-1C category. It also demands more corporate history. Applicants must show that the foreign company is active and capable of supporting the U.S. expansion.
For business owners without an existing international operation, the L-1 is often impractical.
Other options, such as the O-1 visa for individuals with extraordinary ability or the H-1B specialty occupation route, serve specific categories of applicants and come with their own limitations.
They can be powerful when the criteria are met but are not suitable for most investors.
The Grenada E-2 pathway stands out because it allows individuals from non-treaty countries to access an entrepreneurial visa that would otherwise be unavailable to them. It does so at a lower cost and with more control than EB-5, but also with greater uncertainty. The business must succeed. The visa must be renewed. The status must be actively maintained.
For families who prefer flexibility, who want to direct their enterprise, and who are comfortable with an active investment model, the E-2 can provide a workable and efficient path into the United States. For families who want permanence without ongoing business management, EB-5 or L-1 may provide a more predictable route.
Understanding where the Grenada E-2 sits among these alternatives allows prospective applicants to choose a strategy that aligns with their priorities rather than one that simply appears faster or less expensive at first glance.
Common Risks, Pitfalls, and Failure Points
Understanding the weak points in this pathway is essential.
The Grenada to E 2 strategy works only when the investor anticipates the areas where applications most often fail.
These issues fall into three categories: domicile risks, documentation risks, and U.S. business risks.
Domicile Risks
Underestimating the three-year rule
Many applicants assume the domicile requirement is symbolic. It is not.
The United States expects Grenada to be the applicant’s genuine primary home for the full period. Long absences or stronger ties to another country can weaken the case.
Insufficient physical presence pattern
There is no fixed number of days, but the overall pattern must show residence.
Extended stays abroad without clear justification make the domicile appear artificial.
Weak community or financial ties
Lack of local banking activity, no utility bills in the applicant’s name, or limited day-to-day presence in Grenada raise credibility questions.
Officers expect normal life indicators that match a three-year residence claim.
Documentation and Process Risks
Missing or inconsistent records
The E 2 case builds on three years of evidence. If leases, bank statements, utility bills, or travel logs are incomplete or inconsistent, the case becomes harder to support.
Disorganised proof of domicile
Even when families have lived in Grenada, failure to maintain a clean record file makes the application vulnerable. Officers must see a clear, chronological story.
Poor visibility of funds and transfers
Large unexplained transfers, unclear sources of funds for the E-2 business, or unusual movement of money between accounts can trigger additional questioning.
U.S. Business Risks
Marginality concerns
A business that cannot support hiring or growth is often refused. The E 2 category is intended for enterprises with economic impact, not sole trader ventures that only fund the investor’s household.
Insufficient investment
Applicants sometimes try to minimize the capital injection. If the investment is too small to make the business competitive, the application may be denied even if the idea is strong.
Unconvincing business plan
Projections without support, unclear staffing plans, or unrealistic financial assumptions weaken credibility. Officers rely heavily on the business plan to understand viability.
Business misalignment with investor background
Applications are smoother when the enterprise matches the investor’s skills and experience. An unfamiliar industry or a sudden shift in career focus can raise questions about operational competence.
Operational failure risk
Once granted, the visa depends on the business remaining viable.
If the enterprise struggles or closes, the E-2 status ends. There is no grace period, and dependents lose status as well.
Family Considerations
Children ageing out at 21
Dependents cannot remain on E-2 status after age 21. Families with older teenagers should plan from the beginning to avoid disruptions.
Continuous maintenance of status
Spouses receive valuable work authorization, but this benefit depends entirely on the principal applicant maintaining the E-2 without interruption.
Who the Grenada E-2 Strategy Is For, and Who It Is Not For
The Grenada to E-2 pathway does not suit every investor. It is effective for a specific profile of entrepreneur or family and impractical for others.
Understanding this distinction early prevents misaligned expectations and unnecessary cost.
Who This Strategy Is For
Who this strategy is not for
FAQs
Conclusion
The combination of Grenada citizenship and the United States E 2 visa is no longer a quick or transactional route.
It has become a multistage strategy built on three pillars: a regulated CBI process, a genuine three-year domicile in Grenada, and a well-planned, properly funded business in the United States.
For the right investor, it remains powerful. It offers entrepreneurial control, family work and study benefits, and a flexible way to live in the United States without committing immediately to an immigrant category. For the wrong investor, it is an expensive detour that does not deliver what they expected.
The key is alignment. If you are comfortable with active business management, able to commit to life in Grenada for three years, and prepared to model the full cost of the pathway, the strategy can make sense. If your priority is a passive, guaranteed route to permanent residency, other options are likely a better fit.
This guide is not legal advice, and individual cases will always turn on their facts. Before committing capital, investors should discuss their plans with regulated professionals in both Grenada and the United States who understand the post-AMIGOS landscape.
Used thoughtfully, the Grenada to E 2 pathway is no longer a shortcut, but it can still be a deliberate and effective route for investors who are prepared for what it really is.
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